Marijuana is a psychoactive drug that’s derived from the Cannabis sativa plant. It’s one of the most commonly used illicit drugs in the US, but prolonged or frequent use can lead to a cannabis use disorder, also known as marijuana addiction.
Table of Contents
What Is Marijuana?
Marijuana, or cannabis, is a psychoactive drug derived from the leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the Cannabis sativa plant. It may be used for medicinal purposes, such as controlling pain or nausea associated with chemotherapy, but people often use marijuana recreationally for its psychoactive effects.
In 2020, marijuana was the most commonly used illicit drug with 18.7% of people aged 12 or older (52.5 million people) having used marijuana in the past year according to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.[1]
Marijuana is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act because of its high potential for abuse and no current accepted medical use. There are many street names for marijuana, including weed, pot, ganja, herb, and Mary Jane.
Side Effects Of Marijuana
Marijuana can have numerous side effects with varying intensity, depending on how its consumed and the person’s tolerance. Some of the side effects include:
- Short-term memory impairment
- Increased heart rate
- Dry mouth and throat
- Altered judgment and coordination
- Bloodshot eyes
- Paranoia and anxiety
- Hallucinations and altered perception
- Mood changes
- Respiratory issues
- Increased appetite
How Is Marijuana Taken?
Marijuana can be taken in various ways, which can influence the onset, intensity, and duration of its effects. It’s often smoked in joints or through a pipe or water pipe (bong) for a rapid onset of effects. Marijuana can also be vaporized for a rapid onset similar to smoking. Edibles, such as gummies or brownies, tinctures and oils, or infused creams, lotions, or patches are also used.
Marijuana Quick Reference
| Drug Category | Commercial & Street | DEA Schedule | Administration |
| Depressant | Ganja, weed, pot, cannabis | Schedule I | Smoked, inhaled, topical, ingested |
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Statistics On Marijuana Use, Misuse, And Addiction
Marijuana use can contribute to marijuana abuse and addiction. Data suggests that 30% of people using marijuana have some degree of a marijuana use disorder, and people who began using marijuana before the age of 18 are four to seven times more likely to develop a marijuana use disorder than adults.[2]
This may be partly due to the steady increase of marijuana potency over the past few decades. In the early 1990s, the average THC content was less than 4%, but it’s now more than 15%.[3]
Effects Of
Marijuana Abuse
Excessive, chronic use of marijuana can lead to a range of physical, mental, and social effects. The effects can vary by the frequency and duration of use, the potency of the marijuana itself, and the individual. Here are some potential effects of marijuana abuse:
- Altered judgment and coordination
- Impaired memory and concentration
- Increased heart rate
- Paranoia and anxiety
- Hallucinations and distorted perception
- With long-term use, marijuana can cause:
- Cognitive impairment
- Respiratory issues like bronchitis and irritation
- Mental health issues like depression and anxiety
- Social and occupational problems
- Dependence and addiction
In adolescents, marijuana use can cause more pronounced and lasting effects on cognitive function and mental health if the brain is still developing. There are several benefits to quitting. Marijuana abuse treatment is critical to prevent these effects.
Can You Overdose on Marijuana?
A marijuana overdose is less likely to occur than with some other substances, but it’s possible. While a fatal overdose from marijuana alone is unlikely, there can be other dangerous effects.
Signs and Symptoms of Marijuana Overdose
The active compounds in marijuana, namely tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), interact with cannabinoid receptors in the brain. At high doses, THC can lead to adverse effects like cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome with nausea, vomiting ,anxiety, panic attacks, and hallucinations.
What to do if you suspect someone is overdosing on Marijuana:
Though marijuana overdoses are not usually fatal, they can cause severe health effects that can be harmful. If you suspect someone is overdosing on marijuana, call 911 and wait for medical services to arrive.
Dangers of Long-Term Marijuana Use
Long-term marijuana use, particularly heavy or chronic use, has been associated with adverse effects. Some of the potential risks include:
- Cognitive impairments
- Mental health issues like anxiety and depression
- Increased risk of psychotic disorders
- Addiction and dependence
- Chronic bronchitis or respiratory issues with smoking
- Indirect risks like driving under the influence or combining marijuana with other substances
Mixing Marijuana with Other Drugs
Mixing marijuana with other drugs, including prescription medications and recreational substances, can lead to unpredictable and potentially harmful effects. These substances can interact in ways that amplify or mask the effects of each substance, leading to an increased risk of adverse reactions like an overdose.
Marijuana Addiction And Abuse
Marijuana addiction is classified as a cannabis use disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The criteria for a cannabis use disorder include:
- Taking cannabis in larger amounts or over longer periods than intended
- A persistent desire to reduce or control cannabis use without success
- Spending a lot of time on activities necessary to obtain cannabis or recover from its effects
- Experiencing strong cravings for cannabis
- Failing to fulfill major roles because of cannabis use
- Continuing cannabis use despite persistent or recurrent problems
- Giving up important responsibilities or activities because of cannabis use
- Using cannabis in situations that are physical hazardous
- Continuing to use cannabis despite physical or psychological problems
- Tolerance for cannabis
- Withdrawal when stopping or reducing cannabis use
Is Marijuana Addictive?
Yes, marijuana can be addictive. Using marijuana frequently or in high doses can increase the risk of developing an addiction. People who start using marijuana in adolescence are at an increased risk of developing a marijuana addiction.
How Addictive is Marijuana?
The risk of marijuana addiction isn’t as high as substances like opioids or alcohol, but it’s still an addictive substance. The likelihood of marijuana addiction may increase as the concentration of THC in marijuana increases as well.
Signs of Addiction to Marijuana
Marijuana addiction symptoms can vary, but they generally include:
- Compulsive marijuana use
- Poor hygiene
- Odd sleep patterns
- Mood swings
- Spending time with new people
- Changes in behavior
- Deceptive or secretive behaviors
- Poor hygiene and appearance
- Appetite changes
- Legal issues
- A lack of motivation
Marijuana Addiction And
Mental Health
Marijuana addiction can have a dramatic impact on mental health. Prolonged and heavy marijuana use can increase the risk of mental health issues, including anxiety disorders, depression, and psychosis, particularly in young people. It can also exacerbate pre-existing mental health conditions.
Cutting Agents Used For Marijuana
Marijuana may have additives that are used for legitimate purposes, such as to enhance flavor or aroma, but there are also cutting agents that can be dangerous. Vitamin E acetate may be added to vape products, which has been associated with severe lung injuries. Propylene glycol , vegetable glycerin, and MCT oil may also be added to marijuana, leading to unknown health effects.
Marijuana Addiction Treatment
Marijuana addiction treatment options are available, but they can vary according to your individual needs. The cost of treatment depends on your location, the rehab center, and your treatment plan. The length of treatment and the process also vary according to your treatment program and specific therapies.
Marijuana Addiction Treatment Levels of Care
If you or a loved one is struggling with marijuana addiction, help is available. Treatment programs offer different levels of care to provide the ideal support and therapy you need at different stages of your recovery journey.
- Medical detox: Marijuana withdrawal isn’t usually dangerous, but it can be unpleasant and challenging. Medical detox provides a safe, secure environment to allow the drug to clear your system.
- Inpatient treatment: Inpatient or residential treatment offers 24/7 support and guidance for people who need more intensive therapy. This is a live-in treatment option that includes therapy sessions and the support of staff and peers.
- Outpatient treatment: Outpatient treatment provides a more flexible environment for people who need to manage their recovery without missing responsibilities to home, work, or school. You can attend treatment sessions during the day and return home at night.
- Aftercare programs: Aftercare programs are designed to help you transition from inpatient or outpatient care to everyday life. You’ll find support and resources to promote long-term sobriety.
Therapies Used in Marijuana Addiction Treatment
Regardless of the level of care, marijuana addiction treatment may include a range of therapies according to your individual care plan. These may include:
- Cognitive behavioral therapy
- Somatic experiencing
- Experiential therapy
- Nutritional counseling
- Group therapy
- Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy
- Brainspotting
- Outdoor recreation
Co-Occurring Disorders
Co-occurring disorders refer to both a substance use disorder and a mental health condition that happen simultaneously. The presence of two conditions makes treatment more challenging and requires integrative approaches. Marijuana addiction often co-occurs with anxiety disorders, depression, and psychotic disorders.
How to Find Marijuana Addiction Treatment in Orange County
If you’re seeking marijuana addiction, the best option is to check with your primary care provider or insurance company to learn more about approved treatment programs and facilities. You could also check the Behavioral Health Services Locator tool from SAMHSA.
Once you find some treatment programs, make sure you do your research and learn more about the options available to you. Talk with your peer groups and read reviews for a few facilities to learn more about the client experience.
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Marijuana Detox And Withdrawal Management
While marijuana withdrawal symptoms are generally less severe compared to substances like alcohol or opioids, some people may experience discomfort that’s intense enough to prompt relapse. Staying hydrated, maintaining a healthy diet, and exercising regularly are some of the best ways to detox from THC. Medical detox provides a safe and comfortable environment to manage withdrawal symptoms and get a strong start for your treatment program.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Marijuana a Gateway Drug?
While some studies suggest that marijuana use can lead to the use of more dangerous substances, the relationship between the two is complex and varied. For some, it’s possible for marijuana to be a gateway drug that leads to experimentation with other substances.
Can You Develop a Dependence on Marijuana Without Being Addicted?
Dependence is a physiological adaptation to a drug, which can occur without addiction. However, dependence can contribute to the development of addiction in some people.
Can You Quit Marijuana Cold Turkey?
Quitting marijuana abruptly, or “going cold turkey,” is not dangerous, but it can be extremely difficult. Marijuana withdrawal symptoms can be intense and unpleasant, leading some people to start using marijuana again to relieve their discomfort. Getting professional help with detox and marijuana rehab can improve the likelihood of success.
Sources
[1] Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (n.d.-b). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 national survey on drug use and health. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR102121.htm#:~:text=Among%20people%20aged%2012%20or%20older%20in%202020%2C%2021.4%20percent,it%20in%20the%20past%20year on 2023, November 22.
[2] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021, April 13). Is marijuana addictive?. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/marijuana/marijuana-addictive on 2023, November 22.
